Carbanion structural formula

Vertigo

Vertigo is an illusion of movement due to an imbalance of tonic vestibular activity within the central or peripheral vestibular pathways. Vertigo is usually rotatory, implying a disturbance of the semicircular canals or their central connections. Sensations of body tilt or impulsion indicate otolithic disturbances or dysfunction of central otolithic connections. Vertigo is commonly associated with nystagmus, oscillopsia, postural imbalance, and autonomic symptoms.

Otalgia

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is a disease caused by various mutations in the mitochondrial genome and, as such, is inherited only via the maternal ovum as spermatozoa do not have mitochondria. It usually manifests as sequential binocular acute painless vision loss in sons of carrier mothers. The typical vision loss pattern is decreased visual acuity, with most patients seeing 20/200 or worse, a visual field defect involving the blind spot, and central fixation (cecocentral scotoma).