Mechanism of action
Delandistrogene moxeparvovec is the recombinant gene therapy product that is comprised of a non-replicating, recombinant, adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype rh74 (AAVrh74) capsid and a single-stranded DNA expression cassette flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) derived from AAV2. The cassette contains: (1) an MHCK7 gene regulatory component comprising a creatine kinase 7 promoter and an α-myosin heavy chain enhancer, and (2) the DNA transgene encoding the engineered micro-dystrophin protein.
Vector/capsid. Clinical and nonclinical studies have demonstrated AAVrh74 serotype transduction in skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, in nonclinical studies, AAVrh74 serotype transduction has been demonstrated in cardiac and diaphragm muscle cells.
Promoter. The MHCK7 promoter/enhancer drives transgene expression and has been shown in animal models to drive transgenic micro-dystrophin protein expression predominantly in skeletal muscle (including diaphragm) and cardiac muscle. In clinical studies, muscle biopsy analyses have confirmed microdystrophin expression in skeletal muscle.
Transgene. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in the DMD gene, resulting in a lack of functional dystrophin protein. Delandistrogene moxeparvovec carries a transgene encoding a micro-dystrophin protein consisting of selected domains of dystrophin expressed in normal muscle cells.
Delandistrogene moxeparvovec micro-dystrophin has been demonstrated to localize to the sarcolemma.
Pharmacodynamics
In 92 patients who received delandistrogene moxeparvovec in clinical studies, micro-dystrophin protein expression from muscle biopsies (gastrocnemius or biceps brachii) was quantified by western blot and localized by immunofluorescence staining (fiber intensity and percentage micro-dystrophin).
Micro-dystrophin expression (expressed as change from baseline) in delandistrogene moxeparvovec-treated patients, as measured by Western blot, was the primary objective of Study 1 and Study 2, and a key secondary objective for Study 3. Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline before delandistrogene moxeparvovec infusion and at Week 12 after delandistrogene moxeparvovec infusion in all patients. The absolute quantity of micro-dystrophin was measured by western blot assay, adjusted by muscle content, and expressed as a percent of control (levels of wild-type dystrophin in patients without Duchenne muscular dystrophy or Becker muscular dystrophy) in muscle biopsy samples. Study 1 and 2 results of patients receiving 1.33 × 1014 vg/kg delandistrogene moxeparvovec are presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Micro-Dystrophin Expression in Study 1 and Study 2 at Week 12 From Baseline (Western Blot Assay)abc
Western blot (% of micro-dystrophin compared to control) | Study 1 Part 1 (n=6) | Study 1 Part 2 (n=21) | Study 2 Ambulatory (n=40) | Study 2 Non-ambulatory (n=8) |
Mean change from baseline (SD) | 43.4 (48.6) | 40.7 (32.3) | 51.0 (47) | 40.1 (35.9) |
Median change from baseline (Min, Max) | 24.3 (1.6, 116.3) | 40.8 (0.0, 92.0) | 46.9 (1.9, 197.3) | 32.7 (1.4, 116.3) |
a All patients received 1.33 x 1014 vg/kg, as measured by ddPCR b Change from baseline was statistically significant c Adjusted for muscle content. Control was the level of wild-type (normal) dystrophin in normal muscle.
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A clear association between Week 12 micro-dystrophin expression and clinical outcome (assessed by change from baseline on the Performance of Upper Limb version 2.0 assessment; Table 7) in non-ambulatory patients has not been established.
In Study 3 Part 1, muscle biopsies were obtained at Week 12 in 31 patients. For the delandistrogene moxeparvovec-treated patients, the mean micro-dystrophin expression at Week 12 was 34.3% (N=17, SD: 41.0%), compared to placebo patients of 0% (N=14, SD: 0%).
Assessment of micro-dystrophin levels can be meaningfully influenced by differences in sample processing, analytical technique, reference materials, and quantitation methodologies. Therefore, valid comparisons of micro-dystrophin measurements obtained from different assays cannot be made.
Pharmacokinetics
Vector distribution and vector shedding.
Nonclinical data. Biodistribution of delandistrogene moxeparvovec was evaluated in tissue samples collected from healthy mice and DMDmdx mice following intravenous administration in toxicology studies. At 12 weeks following delandistrogene moxeparvovec administration at dose levels of 1.33 ×1014 to 4.02 ×1014 vg/kg, vector DNA was detected in all major organs, with the highest quantities detected in the liver, followed by lower levels in the heart, adrenal glands, skeletal muscle, and aorta. Delandistrogene moxeparvovec was also detected at low levels in the spinal cord, sciatic nerve, and gonads (testis). Protein expression of micro-dystrophin was highest in cardiac tissue, exceeding physiologic dystrophin expression levels in healthy mice, with lower levels in the skeletal muscle and diaphragm. In some studies, micro-dystrophin was also detected at low levels in the liver.
Clinical data. Following intravenous administration, delandistrogene moxeparvovec vector genome undergoes distribution via systemic circulation and distributes into target muscle tissues, followed by elimination in the urine and feces. Delandistrogene moxeparvovec biodistribution and tissue transduction are detected in the target muscle tissue groups and quantified in the gastrocnemius or biceps femoris biopsies obtained from patients with mutations in the DMD gene. Evaluation of delandistrogene moxeparvovec vector genome exposure in clinical muscle biopsies at Week 12 post-dose, expressed as copies per nucleus, revealed delandistrogene moxeparvovec drug distribution and transduction with a mean change from baseline of 2.91 and 3.44 copies per nucleus at the recommended dose of 1.33 × 1014 vg/kg for Study 1 and Study 2 Cohort 1, respectively.
In Study 2 Cohorts 1-3, the biodistribution and vector shedding of delandistrogene moxeparvovec in the serum and excreta were quantified, respectively. The mean maximum concentration (Cmax) in the serum was 0.0055 × 1013 copies/mL and 2.78 × 106 copies/mL in the urine, 7.86 × 107 copies/mL in the saliva, and 4.87 × 107 copies/μg in the feces. The median time to achieve maximum concentration (Tmax) was 5.8 hours post-dose in the serum, followed by 6.7 hours, 6.5 hours, and 13 days post-dose in the saliva, urine, and feces, respectively. The median time to achieve first below limit of quantification (BLOQ) sample followed by two consecutive BLOQ samples was 55 days post-dose for serum. The median time to achieve complete elimination as the first below limit of detection (BLOD) sample followed by two consecutive BLOD samples was 49.8 days, 78 days, and 162 days post-dose for saliva, urine, and feces, respectively. The estimated elimination half-life of delandistrogene moxeparvovec vector genome in the serum is approximately 12 hours, and the majority of the drug is expected to be cleared from the serum by 1 week post-dose. In the excreta, the estimated elimination half-life of delandistrogene moxeparvovec vector genome is approximately 40 hours, 55 hours, and 60 hours in the urine, feces, and saliva, respectively. As an AAV-based gene therapy that consists of a protein capsid containing the transgene DNA genome of interest, delandistrogene moxeparvovec capsid proteins are broken down through proteasomal degradation following AAV entry into target cells. As such, delandistrogene moxeparvovec is not likely to exhibit the drug-drug interaction potential mediated by known drug-metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450-based) and drug transporters.
Immunogenicity
The observed incidence of anti-AAVrh74 antibodies is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Differences in assay methods preclude meaningful comparisons of the incidence of anti-AAVrh74 antibodies in the studies described below with the incidence of anti-AAVrh74 antibodies in other studies.
In delandistrogene moxeparvovec clinical studies, patients were required to have baseline anti-AAVrh74 total binding antibodies of ≤1:400, measured using an investigational total binding antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and only patients with baseline anti-AAVrh74 total binding antibodies <1:400 were enrolled in those studies. The safety and efficacy of delandistrogene moxeparvovec in patients with elevated anti-AAVrh74 total binding antibody titer (≥1:400) have not been evaluated.
Across clinical studies evaluating a total of 156 patients, elevated anti-AAVrh74 total binding antibody titers were observed in all patients following a one-time delandistrogene moxeparvovec infusion. Anti-AAVrh74 total binding antibody titers reached at least 1:102,400 in every patient, and the maximum titers exceeded 1:26,214,400 in certain patients. The safety of re-administration of delandistrogene moxeparvovec or any other AAVrh74 vector-based gene therapy in the presence of high anti-AAVrh74 total binding antibody titer has not been evaluated in humans.