Neuro-Oncology
Overview of neuropathology updates for infiltrating gliomas
Jan. 09, 2023
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Diffuse midline gliomas harboring the H3 K27M mutation, when located in the brainstem, were previously classified as brainstem gliomas or diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. The proposed cell of origin is a neural precursor-like cell in the ventral pons expressing nestin and OLIG2 (22). Tumors harboring this mutation can arise elsewhere in the nervous system. The most common locations are brainstem, thalamus, and spinal cord (20).
In the 2007 World Health Organization classification of the CNS tumors, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma was not defined as a separate entity; it was classified and graded according to the definition criteria of supratentorial diffuse gliomas (21). The 2016 WHO classification of tumors of the CNS identified H3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma as a unique entity with distinct clinical behavior and molecular features. It is a diffuse (infiltrating) glioma with predominantly astrocytic differentiation and a K27M mutation in either H3F3A or HIST1H3B/C (22). The 2021 WHO classification of CNS tumors further modified the classification of gliomas (23). Adult and pediatric gliomas were separately categorized. Pediatric diffuse gliomas were separated into prognostically and biologically distinct groups (pediatric high- and low-grade glioma). High-grade pediatric gliomas were further classified into biologically distinct groups, largely based on alteration in the histone genes (Table 1).
Pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas | Genes/Molecular Profiles Characteristically Altered |
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27 altered | H3 K27, TP53, ACVR1, PDGFRA, EGFR, EZHIP overexpression |
Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant | H3 G34, TP53, ATRX |
Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype | IDH-wildtype, H3-wildtype, PDGFRA, MYCN, EGFR (methylome)* |
Infant-type hemispheric glioma | ALK, ROS, MET |
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• Pediatric diffuse gliomas are separated into prognostically and biologically distinct groups. | |
• High-grade pediatric gliomas were further classified into biologically distinct groups, largely based on alteration in the histone genes. |
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ISSN: 2831-9125