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Seizures and encephalopathy are the major presenting feature in infants and children with cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, with raised intracranial pressure developing gradually. Diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific clinical features. Adverse neurologic effects include deficits in sensorimotor, language, cognitive and behavioral domains.

Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of cognitive impairment in males. The most common problems are cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances, with 4% to 8% of cognitive impairment or developmental delay caused by fragile X mutation. The clinical severity is directly related to the number of repeats in the FMR1 gene.

Primary stabbing headache is usually a benign self-limited primary headache disorder, consisting of sharp stabs of head pain. Most primary stabbing headache patients have very brief attacks (less than 3 seconds). Age, gender, and whether the headache is comorbid with migraine influence the frequency of primary stabbing headache. Primary stabbing headache patients don’t have accompanying autonomic symptoms.

Becker muscular dystrophy primarily causes progressive skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration. Common presentations include proximal muscle weakness or myalgias, cardiomyopathy, elevated serum levels of creatine kinase, or, more rarely, malignant hyperthermia after exposure to halothane anesthesia. It is an X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease.

Childhood absence epilepsy manifests with severe and frequent absence seizures, with abrupt onset and termination of marked impairment of consciousness. It is the prototype idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome of typical absence seizures, affecting otherwise normal children.

Epilepsy with continuous spike-and-waves during sleep syndrome can be characterized by the following features: (1) epilepsy, with focal and apparently generalized seizures; (2) neuropsychological impairment with global or selective regression of cognitive functions; (3) transient motor impairment with ataxia, dyspraxia, dystonia, or unilateral deficits; (4) typical EEG findings with diffuse or more or less unilateral electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep occurring in up to 85% of slow sleep.

Pediatric presentation of Guillain-Barré syndrome differs from that of adults with predominant symptoms of gait ataxia or pain, and a higher incidence of cranial nerve abnormalities. Weakness of the respiratory muscles can be the most serious complication. Clinical manifestations in children are often anteceded within 2 to 4 weeks by recent illness or immunization.

The urinary bladder has 2 main functions: the storage and voiding of urine. Both are active, coordinated processes that rely on neural circuits from the cerebral cortex to the pelvic organs. Many neurologic conditions affect this exquisite control. Current knowledge of neurourologic anatomy and physiology help us understand the clinical manifestations of different lesion types.