Gross brain atrophy in Alzheimer disease

Myopathies associated with parathyroid disorders

Disorders of calcium metabolism, including hyper- or hypofunction of parathyroid hormone, are frequently overlooked causes of muscle dysfunction. Presentation is often nondescript, with mild proximal weakness, muscle pain, and a normal CK. Management of myopathies related to parathyroid disorders requires treatment of the primary cause, eg, removal of an adenoma in primary hyperparathyroidism or vitamin D and calcium replacement in osteomalacia.