Neuropharmacology & Neurotherapeutics
Levodopa
Apr. 03, 2021
MedLink®, LLC
3525 Del Mar Heights Rd, Ste 304
San Diego, CA 92130-2122
Toll Free (U.S. + Canada): 800-452-2400
US Number: +1-619-640-4660
Support: service@medlink.com
Editor: editor@medlink.com
ISSN: 2831-9125
Toll Free (U.S. + Canada): 800-452-2400
US Number: +1-619-640-4660
Support: service@medlink.com
Editor: editor@medlink.com
ISSN: 2831-9125
Nearly 3,000 illustrations, including video clips of neurologic disorders.
Every article is reviewed by our esteemed Editorial Board for accuracy and currency.
Full spectrum of neurology in 1,200 comprehensive articles.
Listen to MedLink on the go with Audio versions of each article.
(A) Summary of findings from fMRI studies in insomnia. Overall, there is an increased activation in response to sleep-related and emotional stimuli in the left temporal (including amygdala) and occipital lobes and right frontal lobe. A decreased activation in response to other types of stimuli, such as tasks involving executive control, occurs in the left medial and inferior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, at rest, the activation is decreased in the amygdala, insula, striatum, thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyrus, and left temporal and left inferior parietal cortex, whereas connectivity between the amygdala and premotor cortex is increased. (B) Summary of findings from PET and SPECT studies in insomnia. During wakefulness, there is an overall decreased perfusion across regions of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices as well as in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem reticular formation. The overall activity decrease in the default mode network in the transition from wakefulness to sleep is less pronounced in insomnia. During NREM sleep, decreased regional cerebral blood flow is present in the frontal medial and frontal lateral cortex; occipital, temporal, and parietal cortices; thalamus; basal ganglia; and pons. (Contributed by Dr. Nathan Cross and Dr. Florence Pomares.)