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Moderate papilledema features shown in fundus photograph

In moderate papilledema, the disc margins are obscured and elevated, the optic nerve head has increased diameter, and one or more segments of the major blood vessels crossing the disc are obscured. The halo is present and irregular with fringe-like extensions. Note the tortuous vessels. (Contributed by Dr. Deborah Friedman.)

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Associated Disorders

  • Addison disease
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Down syndrome
  • Dural venous sinus stenosis
  • Dural venous sinus thrombosis
  • Endocrine disorders
  • HIV infection
  • Human growth hormone
  • Hypervitaminosis a
  • Hypogonadism (male)
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Lyme disease
  • Malnutrition
  • Mastoiditis
  • Obesity
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Otitis media
  • Parameningeal infections
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
  • Polycythemia vera and its neurologic manifestations
  • Renal failure
  • Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis
  • Transverse sinus thrombosis
  • Venous sinus thrombosis from mastoiditis
  • Vitamin D deficiency rickets
  • Vitamin D-dependent rickets