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MRI characteristics in thyroid eye disease with and without dysthyroid optic neuropathy

Coronal MRI STIR images: (a) Muscle enlargement with elevated signal intensity in the inferior rectus muscles bilaterally in a patient with thyroid eye disease and no dysthyroid optic neuropathy. (b) Gross enlargement of all extraocular muscles bilaterally in a patient with thyroid eye disease and dysthyroid optic neuropathy. This patient also has apical crowding (arrow) on the left side. (c) Identifying right peri‐muscular fat signal intensity compared to the left orbit, which is less pronounced in a patient with thyroid eye disease. (From: Moledina M, Lee V, Bhatia K, et al. Radiological Activity Score [RAS]-MRI characteristics in dysthyroid optic neuropathy in a multi-ethnic thyroid eye disease population. Clin Endocrinol [Oxf] 2025;103[3]:385-95. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)

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Associated Disorders

  • Endocrine ophthalmopathy
  • Graves disease
  • Graves ophthalmopathy
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis
  • Hoffmann syndrome
  • Hyperthyroid myopathy
  • Hypothalamic dysfunction
  • Hypothyroid myopathy
  • Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome
  • Pituitary dysfunction
  • Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  • Thyrotoxic myopathy
  • Thyrotoxic ocular myopathy