Developmental Malformations
Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy
In this article, the author discusses Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, a collagen VI-related myopathy, which is characterized by proximal
Oct. 25, 2020
Typical EEG manifestations of polyspikes during generalized myoclonic seizures
(Courtesy of C P Panayiotopoulos. From: Panayiotopoulos CP, Obeid T, Tahan AR. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a 5-year prospective study. Epilepsia 1994;35(2):285-96.)
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Epilepsy & Seizures
Fejerman syndrome
Benign myoclonus of early infancy, also called Fejerman syndrome, manifests with frequent or repeated jerks of the neck or upper limb muscles, and leads to abrupt flexion or rotation of the head and extension with abduction of the limbs, without changes in consciousness. It is a nonepileptic disorder that mainly affects normal infants aged 3 to 8 months, and usually remits spontaneously by the age of 2 years without any neurologic or motor sequelae.
Sep. 11, 2021
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Neuro-Oncology
Spinal meningioma
Spinal meningioma is a rare tumor usually presenting with chronic progressive radicular or myelopathic symptoms and back pain. The authors discuss the
Jan. 24, 2021
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Neuropharmacology & Neurotherapeutics
Fingolimod
Fingolimod, an S1P receptor modulator, has an immunosuppressant effect in patients with multiple sclerosis. The neuroprotective effect of fingolimod on relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis may be due to its modulatory effect on oligodendroglial cells and astrocytes as well as its direct effect on cortical neurons. Adverse events during clinical trials have included bradycardia and atrioventricular block, respiratory and herpesvirus infections, increased liver enzyme levels, hypertension, and macular edema.
Jul. 27, 2021
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Stroke & Vascular Disorders
Stroke associated with cerebral angiography
Dec. 02, 2020
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Behavioral & Cognitive Disorders
Mental status examination
Bedside mental status examination tools have been developed to combine ease of administration with standardized scoring. The mental status examination not only identifies brain disease, but often points to the likely site of brain dysfunction. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) is the most widely used instrument to rapidly assess the cognitive status of individuals, both in clinical and research settings.
Apr. 21, 2019
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Headache & Pain
Pain, headache, and oromandibular structures
Pain is referred to dental structures in many common primary headache disorders, such as migraine, cluster headache, and trigeminal neuralgia. Pain referral from extradental structures typically results from activation of the trigeminovascular system. Central sensitization is a common problem in temporomandibular joint disorders, atypical odontalgia, and primary headache disorder.
Oct. 16, 2020
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Neuromuscular Disorders
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a genetically inherited condition that primarily affects skeletal muscle leading to progressive, predominantly proximal muscle weakness at presentation caused by a loss of muscle fibers. To be considered a form of LGMD the condition must be described in at least 2 unrelated families with affected individuals achieving independent walking, must have an elevated serum creatine kinase activity, must demonstrate degenerative changes on muscle imaging over the course of the disease, and have dystrophic changes on muscle histology, ultimately leading to end-stage pathology for the most affected muscles.
Jun. 21, 2021