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Woodcut image of the medieval cell doctrine by Johann Maier von Eck (1486-1543)

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This is a unique representation of the medieval cell doctrine and the special senses because it not only shows the connections of some of the special sense organs to the brain (nose, eyes, and ears but not tongue) but also the sensory stimuli that undergo transduction in the special sensory organs. Also depicted are the olfactory bulbs at the bridge of the nose. (Source: Eck J. Aristotele Stagyritae Philosophi [Libri III: De anima]. Augsburg: Sigismund Grimm & Marcus Wirsung, 1520. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek [Bavarian State Library], Munich. See: Lanska DJ. Representations of the olfactory bulb and tracts in images of the medieval cell doctrine. J Hist Neurosci 2022b;31[2-3]:176-99.)