- Clinical Categories
Behavioral & Cognitive Disorders
Includes focal and generalized disorders of higher brain function, both static and progressive, congenital, developmental, static or progressive/degenerative. Dementias are disorders characterized by intellectual deterioration. Dementia is sometimes inappropriately referred to as senility and erroneously attributed to arteriosclerosis (“hardening of the arteries”).
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Media
Histological findings of an Achilles xanthoma showing foamy macrophages and lipid crystal clefts
Arrowheads indicate foamy macrophages and arrows indicate lipid crystal clefts. (Source: Chun MY, Heo NJ, Seo SW, et al. Case report: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with a novel mutation in the CYP27A1 gene mimicking behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Front Neurol 2023;14:1131888. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Image cropped from original.)
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Media
Cerebellar atrophy and calcification in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
T2-weighted MRI of the brain. (A) Sagittal section showing cerebellar atrophy (arrow) and (B) axial section showing bilateral symmetrical hypointensities involving dentate nuclei consistent with calcification (arrows). (Source: Mahadevan N, Thiruvadi V, Paranthakan C, Rejha A, Magesh A. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: report of two siblings with the same mutation but variable presentation. Cureus 2023;15[1]:e33378. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Media
Hyperintense signal change of the mammary bodies and periaqueductal gray matter in Wernicke encephalopathy
Axial section of cerebral MRI FLAIR sequence showing hyperintense signal change of the mammary bodies and periaqueductal gray matter in a 66-year-old man with Wernicke encephalopathy complicating prolonged parenteral nutrition. (Source: Slim S, Ayed K, Triki W, et al. Gayet-Wernicke's encephalopathy complicating prolonged parenteral nutrition in patient treated for colonic cancer - a case report. BMC Nutr 2022;8[1]:83. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Image cropped from original.)