- Clinical Categories
General Neurology
Topics that are not otherwise classifiable; that are manifestations of medical disorders or mechanical injuries (externally imposed or intrinsic); that have to do with underlying science; that have to do with general aspects of treatment or with treatment of disorders in this category; and that have symptoms or signs, not included elsewhere or specific to disorders in this category.
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Rate and median days absent from work for employer-reported nonfatal occupational fall-related injuries resulting in lost workdays, by age group, United States, 2009
Notes: (1) Rate per 10,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers; one FTE = 2,000 hours worked per year. Data are from the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII). Data represent nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses resulting in lost workdays reported by employers to the BLS SOII. Farms with fewer than 11 employees, private household workers, the self-employed, and federal employees are excluded. Additional information available at: https://www.bls.gov/news.relea.... (2) Classified according to the BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System. Additional information available at: www.bls.gov/iif/oshoiics.htm. (4) 95% confidence interval. (Source: CDC 2009. Public domain.)
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Complete atrophic glossitis
Complete atrophic glossitis in a 46-year-old woman with the chief complaint of glossodynia for approximately 1 year. She denied any systemic diseases. Her serum levels of vitamin B12 and ferritin were 94 ng/L (normal range 180 to 914 ng/L) and 4.3 ng/mL (normal range 11.0–306.8 ng/mL), respectively. She was diagnosed with anemia based on a hemoglobin level of 10.8 g/dL (the cutoff value for a female is 11 g/dL). (A) Physical examination revealed complete tongue atrophy, with a glossy appearance. (B) Complete resolution after 1 month of supplement therapy. (C) The therapeutic effect was still evident during follow-up at 6 months. (Source: Chen GY, Tang ZQ, Bao ZX. Vitamin B12 deficiency may play an etiological role in atrophic glossitis and its grading: a clinical case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2022;22[1]:456. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Vitamin D3 binding sites and signaling pathways
1,25(OH)2D3--active form of vitamin D3; CAMK2g--g subunit of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2; CAV-1--caveolin-1; L-VGCC--L-type voltage-gated calcium channel; MAPK--mitogen-activated protein kinase; PDIA3--protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3; PI3-K--phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKA--protein kinase A; PKC--protein kinase C; PLA2--phospholipase A2; PLC--phospholipase C; RXR--retinoid X receptors; SSH--sonic hedgehog; Wnt5a--ligand activating beta-catenin- independent pendent pathways; VDR--vitamin D receptor; VDRE--vitamin D response element. (Source: Lasoń W, Jantas D, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Basta-Kaim A. The vitamin D receptor as a potential target for the treatment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: a narrative review. Cells 2023;12[4]:660. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Symptoms that lead to emergency department visits in patients with POTS
(Source: Cooperrider J, Kriegler J, Yunus S, Wilson R. A survey-based study examining differences in perception of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome between patients and primary care physicians. Cureus 2022;14[10]:e30167. Creative Commons Attribution [CC-BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Most common occurring symptoms in patients with POTS
(Source: Cooperrider J, Kriegler J, Yunus S, Wilson R. A survey-based study examining differences in perception of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome between patients and primary care physicians. Cureus 2022;14[10]:e30167. Creative Commons Attribution [CC-BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Metastatic paraganglioma PET/CT results show high-uptake lesions with osteolytic bone destruction of right parietal skull bone
18F-FDG PET/CT for metastatic paraganglioma, showing high-uptake lesions with osteolytic bone destruction of the right parietal skull bone (arrows). Transverse image. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Pedunculated, cauliflower-like mass in right lateral wall of the bladder
Cystoscopy shows a pedunculated, cauliflower-like mass in the right lateral wall of the bladder with a diameter of about 0.8cm. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Vanillylmandelic acid levels plot
Plot of vanillylmandelic acid levels in 24-hour urine samples over the perioperative and chemotherapeutic period. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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No significant progression of ilium metastases size after chemotherapy
The size of metastases in the ilium did not significantly change with two courses (far left), four courses (left center), and six courses of chemotherapy (right center), and 6-month follow-up (far right). (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Metastatic paraganglioma PET/CT results show high-uptake localizations with osteolytic bone destruction of the ilium
Results of 18F-DOTATATE PET/CT for metastatic paraganglioma, showing high-uptake localizations with osteolytic bone destruction of the ilium. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Metastatic paraganglioma PET/CT results show high-uptake localizations in the liver (2)
Results of 18F-DOTATATE PET/CT for metastatic paragangliomas, showing multiple high-uptake localizations in the liver. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Immunohistochemical staining of bladder paraganglioma (SSTR2)
Immunohistochemical staining of a bladder paraganglioma with SSTR2 (somatostatin receptor 2), a marker of neuroendocrine neoplasias. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Immunohistochemical staining of bladder paraganglioma (CgA)
Immunohistochemical staining of a bladder paraganglioma with CgA (chromogranin A), a widely used immunohistochemical marker for neuroendocrine cells and their tumors. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Immunohistochemical staining of bladder paraganglioma (SDHB)
Immunohistochemical staining of the bladder paraganglioma with SDHB, one of four protein subunits forming succinate dehydrogenase. Immunohistochemical evaluation of SDHB is a tool pathologists use to screen paragangliomas for possible mutations in SDHx genes. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Immunohistochemical staining of bladder paraganglioma (Ki-67)
Immunohistochemical staining of the bladder paraganglioma with Ki-67 (15%), widely used as a proliferation marker for human tumor cells. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Postoperative pathology tissues of bladder paraganglioma
(Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Intraoperative condition of bladder paraganglioma
Intraoperative condition of the bladder paraganglioma during laparoscopy-assisted partial cystectomy. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Intraoperative condition of urothelial papilloma
(Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Bulging of the right anterior wall of the bladder
Cystoscopy shows inward bulging of the right anterior wall of the bladder. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Circular mass in right anterior wall of bladder (MRI) (2)
MRI shows an approximately circular mass with high T2 signal (4.9 cm × 3.8 cm) in the right anterior wall of the bladder with heterogeneous enhancement of arterial phase. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Circular mass in right anterior wall of bladder (MRI) (1)
MRI shows an approximately circular mass with high T2 signal (4.9 cm × 3.8 cm) in the right anterior wall of the bladder. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Soft tissue lesion in right anterior wall of bladder (CTU)
Computed tomography urography (CTU) scan shows a roundish soft tissue lesion (4.8 cm × 3.7 cm) in the right anterior wall of bladder with heterogeneous enhancement during the arterial phase. (Source: Wang Z, Liu F, Li C, et al. Case report: octreotide plus CVD chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple metastatic paragangliomas after double resection for functional bladder paraganglioma and urothelial papilloma. Front Oncol 2023;12:1072361. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.)
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Upper lip swelling in granulomatous cheilitis (2-month follow-up)
Follow up at 2 months in a 27-year-old woman with granulomatous cheilitis. (Source: Tummidi S, Nagendran P, Anthony ML, Ramani RJ, Shankaralingappa A, Gopinath H. Granulomatous cheilitis of Miescher: a rare entity. BMC Womens Health 2023;23[1]:118. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC-BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. The image has been cropped from the original.)
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Upper lip swelling in granulomatous cheilitis (presentation)
Upper lip swelling at presentation in a 27-year-old woman with granulomatous cheilitis. (Source: Tummidi S, Nagendran P, Anthony ML, Ramani RJ, Shankaralingappa A, Gopinath H. Granulomatous cheilitis of Miescher: a rare entity. BMC Womens Health 2023;23[1]:118. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC-BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. The image has been cropped from the original.)
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Biopsy photomicrograph in granulomatous cheilitis of Miescher (2)
Photomicroscopy of a biopsy from a 27-year-old woman who presented with a 3-month history of unrelenting upper lip swelling. Photomicroscopy shows (1) mucosal lining with parakeratotic stratified squamous epithelium; (2) mild papillary dermal edema; and (3) mid and deep dermis with the presence of a noncaseating granuloma (H&E x 20). (Source: Tummidi S, Nagendran P, Anthony ML, Ramani RJ, Shankaralingappa A, Gopinath H. Granulomatous cheilitis of Miescher: a rare entity. BMC Womens Health 2023;23[1]:118. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC-BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. The image has been cropped from the original.)
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Hyperintense signal change of the mammary bodies and periaqueductal gray matter in Wernicke encephalopathy
Axial section of cerebral MRI FLAIR sequence showing hyperintense signal change of the mammary bodies and periaqueductal gray matter in a 66-year-old man with Wernicke encephalopathy complicating prolonged parenteral nutrition. (Source: Slim S, Ayed K, Triki W, et al. Gayet-Wernicke's encephalopathy complicating prolonged parenteral nutrition in patient treated for colonic cancer - a case report. BMC Nutr 2022;8[1]:83. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0] license, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Image cropped from original.)